government: federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy
state of civil and political rights: Partly free
constitution: 31 August 1957; amended many times, last in 2019
legal system: mixed legal system of English common law, Islamic law (sharia), and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Federal Court at request of supreme head of the federation
legislative system: bicameral Parliament of Malaysia (Parlimen Malaysia) consists of Senate (Dewan Negara) and the House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat)
judicial system: Federal Court (consists of the chief justice, president of the Court of Appeal, chief justice of the High Court of Malaya, chief judge of the High Court of Sabah and Sarawak, 8 judges, and 1 "additional" judge); Court of Appeal; High Court; Sessions Court; Magistrates' Court
religion: Muslim (official) 61.3%, Buddhist 19.8%, Christian 9.2%, Hindu 6.3%, Confucianism, Taoism, other traditional Chinese religions 1.3%, other 0.4%, none 0.8%, unspecified 1% (2010 est.)
death row: 1,341 as of February 2022
year of last executions: 0-0-0
death sentences: 0
executions: 0
international treaties on human rights and the death penalty:
situation:
